1 Market Overview
1.1 Fill and Seal Machines Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Vertical Machines
1.2.3 Horizontal Machines
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Chemical
1.3.3 Food & Beverage
1.3.4 Machinery & Hardware
1.3.5 Medical
1.4 Global Fill and Seal Machines Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028)
1.4.2 Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Global Fill and Seal Machines Price (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Fill and Seal Machines Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global Fill and Seal Machines Total Production Capacity (2017-2028)
1.5.2 Global Fill and Seal Machines Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Fill and Seal Machines Market Drivers
1.6.2 Fill and Seal Machines Market Restraints
1.6.3 Fill and Seal Machines Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 IMA
2.1.1 IMA Details
2.1.2 IMA Major Business
2.1.3 IMA Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
2.1.4 IMA Fill and Seal Machines Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2 Bosch Packaging Technology
2.2.1 Bosch Packaging Technology Details
2.2.2 Bosch Packaging Technology Major Business
2.2.3 Bosch Packaging Technology Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
2.2.4 Bosch Packaging Technology Fill and Seal Machines Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3 Matrix
2.3.1 Matrix Details
2.3.2 Matrix Major Business
2.3.3 Matrix Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
2.3.4 Matrix Fill and Seal Machines Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4 Viking Masek
2.4.1 Viking Masek Details
2.4.2 Viking Masek Major Business
2.4.3 Viking Masek Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
2.4.4 Viking Masek Fill and Seal Machines Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5 Siemens
2.5.1 Siemens Details
2.5.2 Siemens Major Business
2.5.3 Siemens Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
2.5.4 Siemens Fill and Seal Machines Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3 Fill and Seal Machines Breakdown Data by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Fill and Seal Machines
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 Fill and Seal Machines Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.4.2 Top 6 Fill and Seal Machines Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.5 Global Fill and Seal Machines Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Fill and Seal Machines Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Fill and Seal Machines Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
4.1.2 Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
4.2 North America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028)
4.3 Europe Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028)
4.5 South America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
5.2 Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
5.3 Global Fill and Seal Machines Price by Type (2017-2028)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
6.2 Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 Global Fill and Seal Machines Price by Application (2017-2028)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 North America Fill and Seal Machines Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 North America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Europe Fill and Seal Machines Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.2 Europe Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 South America Fill and Seal Machines Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 South America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2028)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2028)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
12 Raw Material and Industry Chain
12.1 Raw Material of Fill and Seal Machines and Key Manufacturers
12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Fill and Seal Machines
12.3 Fill and Seal Machines Production Process
12.4 Fill and Seal Machines Industrial Chain
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Sales Channel
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Fill and Seal Machines Typical Distributors
13.3 Fill and Seal Machines Typical Customers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Process and Data Source
15.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 2. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 3. IMA Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 4. IMA Major Business
Table 5. IMA Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
Table 6. IMA Fill and Seal Machines Sales (K Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 7. Bosch Packaging Technology Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 8. Bosch Packaging Technology Major Business
Table 9. Bosch Packaging Technology Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
Table 10. Bosch Packaging Technology Fill and Seal Machines Sales (K Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 11. Matrix Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 12. Matrix Major Business
Table 13. Matrix Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
Table 14. Matrix Fill and Seal Machines Sales (K Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 15. Viking Masek Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 16. Viking Masek Major Business
Table 17. Viking Masek Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
Table 18. Viking Masek Fill and Seal Machines Sales (K Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 19. Siemens Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 20. Siemens Major Business
Table 21. Siemens Fill and Seal Machines Product and Services
Table 22. Siemens Fill and Seal Machines Sales (K Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 23. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (K Units)
Table 24. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (USD Million)
Table 25. Market Position of Manufacturers in Fill and Seal Machines, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2021
Table 26. Global Fill and Seal Machines Production Capacity by Company, (K Units): 2020 VS 2021
Table 27. Head Office and Fill and Seal Machines Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 28. Fill and Seal Machines New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 29. Fill and Seal Machines Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 30. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 33. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 34. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 35. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 36. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 37. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 38. Global Fill and Seal Machines Price by Type (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 39. Global Fill and Seal Machines Price by Type (2023-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Table 40. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 41. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 42. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 43. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 44. Global Fill and Seal Machines Price by Application (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 45. Global Fill and Seal Machines Price by Application (2023-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Table 46. North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 47. North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 48. North America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 49. North America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 50. North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 51. North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 52. North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 53. North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 54. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 55. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 56. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 59. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 60. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 61. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 62. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 63. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 64. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 67. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 68. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 69. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 70. South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 71. South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 72. South America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 73. South America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 74. South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 75. South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 76. South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 77. South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 78. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 79. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 80. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 81. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 82. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 83. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 84. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 85. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 86. Fill and Seal Machines Raw Material
Table 87. Key Manufacturers of Fill and Seal Machines Raw Materials
Table 88. Direct Channel Pros & Cons
Table 89. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons
Table 90. Fill and Seal Machines Typical Distributors
Table 91. Fill and Seal Machines Typical Customers
List of Figures
Figure 1. Fill and Seal Machines Picture
Figure 2. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. Vertical Machines
Figure 4. Horizontal Machines
Figure 5. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 6. Chemical
Figure 7. Food & Beverage
Figure 8. Machinery & Hardware
Figure 9. Medical
Figure 10. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue, (USD Million) & (K Units): 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Figure 11. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 12. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 13. Global Fill and Seal Machines Price (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 14. Global Fill and Seal Machines Production Capacity (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 15. Global Fill and Seal Machines Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 16. Fill and Seal Machines Market Drivers
Figure 17. Fill and Seal Machines Market Restraints
Figure 18. Fill and Seal Machines Market Trends
Figure 19. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 20. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 21. Fill and Seal Machines Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 22. Top 3 Fill and Seal Machines Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 23. Top 6 Fill and Seal Machines Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 24. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 25. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 26. North America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 27. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 28. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 29. South America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 30. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 31. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 32. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 33. Global Fill and Seal Machines Price by Type (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 34. Global Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 35. Global Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 36. Global Fill and Seal Machines Price by Application (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 37. North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 38. North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 40. North America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 41. United States Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Canada Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Mexico Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 44. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 47. Europe Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 48. Germany Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. France Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. United Kingdom Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Russia Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. Italy Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 54. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 56. Asia-Pacific Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 57. China Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. Japan Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Korea Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. India Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. Southeast Asia Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. Australia Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 63. South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 64. South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 65. South America Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 66. South America Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 67. Brazil Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 68. Argentina Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 69. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 70. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 72. Middle East & Africa Fill and Seal Machines Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 73. Turkey Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 74. Egypt Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 75. Saudi Arabia Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 76. South Africa Fill and Seal Machines Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 77. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Fill and Seal Machines in 2021
Figure 78. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Fill and Seal Machines
Figure 79. Fill and Seal Machines Industrial Chain
Figure 80. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel
Figure 81. Methodology
Figure 82. Research Process and Data Source
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