1 Market Overview
1.1 Service Robotics Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Service Robotics Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Personal Service Robotics
1.2.3 Professional Service Robotics
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Service Robotics Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Household Robots
1.3.3 Education/Entertainment Robots
1.3.4 Nursing/Rehabilitation Robots
1.3.5 Medical Robots
1.3.6 Agriculture, Forestry, Livestock Farming and Fisheries Robots
1.3.7 Logistic Robots
1.3.8 Others
1.4 Global Service Robotics Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global Service Robotics Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028)
1.4.2 Global Service Robotics Sales in Volume (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Global Service Robotics Price (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Service Robotics Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global Service Robotics Total Production Capacity (2017-2028)
1.5.2 Global Service Robotics Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Service Robotics Market Drivers
1.6.2 Service Robotics Market Restraints
1.6.3 Service Robotics Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Intuitive Surgical
2.1.1 Intuitive Surgical Details
2.1.2 Intuitive Surgical Major Business
2.1.3 Intuitive Surgical Service Robotics Product and Services
2.1.4 Intuitive Surgical Service Robotics Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2 iRobot Corporation
2.2.1 iRobot Corporation Details
2.2.2 iRobot Corporation Major Business
2.2.3 iRobot Corporation Service Robotics Product and Services
2.2.4 iRobot Corporation Service Robotics Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3 Dyson
2.3.1 Dyson Details
2.3.2 Dyson Major Business
2.3.3 Dyson Service Robotics Product and Services
2.3.4 Dyson Service Robotics Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4 Neato Robotics
2.4.1 Neato Robotics Details
2.4.2 Neato Robotics Major Business
2.4.3 Neato Robotics Service Robotics Product and Services
2.4.4 Neato Robotics Service Robotics Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5 Sharp
2.5.1 Sharp Details
2.5.2 Sharp Major Business
2.5.3 Sharp Service Robotics Product and Services
2.5.4 Sharp Service Robotics Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6 Toshiba
2.6.1 Toshiba Details
2.6.2 Toshiba Major Business
2.6.3 Toshiba Service Robotics Product and Services
2.6.4 Toshiba Service Robotics Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.7 Panasonic
2.7.1 Panasonic Details
2.7.2 Panasonic Major Business
2.7.3 Panasonic Service Robotics Product and Services
2.7.4 Panasonic Service Robotics Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.8 Kuka
2.8.1 Kuka Details
2.8.2 Kuka Major Business
2.8.3 Kuka Service Robotics Product and Services
2.8.4 Kuka Service Robotics Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3 Service Robotics Breakdown Data by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Service Robotics Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Global Service Robotics Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Service Robotics
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 Service Robotics Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.4.2 Top 6 Service Robotics Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.5 Global Service Robotics Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Service Robotics Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Service Robotics Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Service Robotics Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
4.1.2 Global Service Robotics Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
4.2 North America Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028)
4.3 Europe Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028)
4.5 South America Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Service Robotics Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
5.2 Global Service Robotics Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
5.3 Global Service Robotics Price by Type (2017-2028)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Service Robotics Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
6.2 Global Service Robotics Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 Global Service Robotics Price by Application (2017-2028)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 North America Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 North America Service Robotics Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Service Robotics Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 North America Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Europe Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Europe Service Robotics Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Service Robotics Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.2 Europe Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 South America Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 South America Service Robotics Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Service Robotics Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 South America Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2028)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2028)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
12 Raw Material and Industry Chain
12.1 Raw Material of Service Robotics and Key Manufacturers
12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Service Robotics
12.3 Service Robotics Production Process
12.4 Service Robotics Industrial Chain
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Sales Channel
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Service Robotics Typical Distributors
13.3 Service Robotics Typical Customers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Process and Data Source
15.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Global Service Robotics Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 2. Global Service Robotics Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 3. Intuitive Surgical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 4. Intuitive Surgical Major Business
Table 5. Intuitive Surgical Service Robotics Product and Services
Table 6. Intuitive Surgical Service Robotics Sales (Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 7. iRobot Corporation Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 8. iRobot Corporation Major Business
Table 9. iRobot Corporation Service Robotics Product and Services
Table 10. iRobot Corporation Service Robotics Sales (Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 11. Dyson Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 12. Dyson Major Business
Table 13. Dyson Service Robotics Product and Services
Table 14. Dyson Service Robotics Sales (Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 15. Neato Robotics Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 16. Neato Robotics Major Business
Table 17. Neato Robotics Service Robotics Product and Services
Table 18. Neato Robotics Service Robotics Sales (Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 19. Sharp Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 20. Sharp Major Business
Table 21. Sharp Service Robotics Product and Services
Table 22. Sharp Service Robotics Sales (Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 23. Toshiba Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 24. Toshiba Major Business
Table 25. Toshiba Service Robotics Product and Services
Table 26. Toshiba Service Robotics Sales (Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 27. Panasonic Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 28. Panasonic Major Business
Table 29. Panasonic Service Robotics Product and Services
Table 30. Panasonic Service Robotics Sales (Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 31. Kuka Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 32. Kuka Major Business
Table 33. Kuka Service Robotics Product and Services
Table 34. Kuka Service Robotics Sales (Units), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 35. Global Service Robotics Sales by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (Units)
Table 36. Global Service Robotics Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (USD Million)
Table 37. Market Position of Manufacturers in Service Robotics, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2021
Table 38. Global Service Robotics Production Capacity by Company, (Units): 2020 VS 2021
Table 39. Head Office and Service Robotics Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 40. Service Robotics New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 41. Service Robotics Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 42. Global Service Robotics Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 43. Global Service Robotics Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 44. Global Service Robotics Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 45. Global Service Robotics Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 46. Global Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 47. Global Service Robotics Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 48. Global Service Robotics Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 49. Global Service Robotics Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 50. Global Service Robotics Price by Type (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 51. Global Service Robotics Price by Type (2023-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Table 52. Global Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 53. Global Service Robotics Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 54. Global Service Robotics Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 55. Global Service Robotics Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 56. Global Service Robotics Price by Application (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 57. Global Service Robotics Price by Application (2023-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Table 58. North America Service Robotics Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 59. North America Service Robotics Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 60. North America Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 61. North America Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 62. North America Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 63. North America Service Robotics Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 64. North America Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 65. North America Service Robotics Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 66. Europe Service Robotics Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 67. Europe Service Robotics Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 68. Europe Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 69. Europe Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 70. Europe Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 71. Europe Service Robotics Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 72. Europe Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 73. Europe Service Robotics Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 74. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 75. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 76. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 77. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 78. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 79. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 80. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 81. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 82. South America Service Robotics Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 83. South America Service Robotics Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 84. South America Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 85. South America Service Robotics Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 86. South America Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 87. South America Service Robotics Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 88. South America Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 89. South America Service Robotics Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 90. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 91. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 92. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 93. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 94. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 95. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 96. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Units)
Table 97. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Units)
Table 98. Service Robotics Raw Material
Table 99. Key Manufacturers of Service Robotics Raw Materials
Table 100. Direct Channel Pros & Cons
Table 101. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons
Table 102. Service Robotics Typical Distributors
Table 103. Service Robotics Typical Customers
List of Figures
Figure 1. Service Robotics Picture
Figure 2. Global Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. Personal Service Robotics
Figure 4. Professional Service Robotics
Figure 5. Global Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 6. Household Robots
Figure 7. Education/Entertainment Robots
Figure 8. Nursing/Rehabilitation Robots
Figure 9. Medical Robots
Figure 10. Agriculture, Forestry, Livestock Farming and Fisheries Robots
Figure 11. Logistic Robots
Figure 12. Others
Figure 13. Global Service Robotics Revenue, (USD Million) & (Units): 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Figure 14. Global Service Robotics Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 15. Global Service Robotics Sales (2017-2028) & (Units)
Figure 16. Global Service Robotics Price (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 17. Global Service Robotics Production Capacity (2017-2028) & (Units)
Figure 18. Global Service Robotics Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 19. Service Robotics Market Drivers
Figure 20. Service Robotics Market Restraints
Figure 21. Service Robotics Market Trends
Figure 22. Global Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 23. Global Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 24. Service Robotics Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 25. Top 3 Service Robotics Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 26. Top 6 Service Robotics Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 27. Global Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 28. Global Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 29. North America Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 30. Europe Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 31. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 32. South America Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 33. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 34. Global Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 35. Global Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 36. Global Service Robotics Price by Type (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 37. Global Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 38. Global Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 39. Global Service Robotics Price by Application (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 40. North America Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 41. North America Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 42. North America Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 43. North America Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 44. United States Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 45. Canada Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 46. Mexico Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 47. Europe Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 48. Europe Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 49. Europe Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 50. Europe Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 51. Germany Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. France Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 53. United Kingdom Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 54. Russia Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 55. Italy Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 56. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 57. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 58. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 59. Asia-Pacific Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 60. China Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. Japan Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. Korea Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 63. India Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 64. Southeast Asia Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 65. Australia Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 66. South America Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 67. South America Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 68. South America Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 69. South America Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 70. Brazil Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 71. Argentina Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 72. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 73. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 74. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 75. Middle East & Africa Service Robotics Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 76. Turkey Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 77. Egypt Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 78. Saudi Arabia Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 79. South Africa Service Robotics Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 80. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Service Robotics in 2021
Figure 81. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Service Robotics
Figure 82. Service Robotics Industrial Chain
Figure 83. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel
Figure 84. Methodology
Figure 85. Research Process and Data Source
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