1 Market Overview
1.1 Metal Ligation Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Titanium Ligation
1.2.3 Stainless Steel Alloys Ligation
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Open Surgery
1.3.3 Endoscopy
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Metal Ligation Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global Metal Ligation Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028)
1.4.2 Global Metal Ligation Sales in Volume (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Global Metal Ligation Price (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Metal Ligation Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global Metal Ligation Total Production Capacity (2017-2028)
1.5.2 Global Metal Ligation Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Metal Ligation Market Drivers
1.6.2 Metal Ligation Market Restraints
1.6.3 Metal Ligation Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Teleflex
2.1.1 Teleflex Details
2.1.2 Teleflex Major Business
2.1.3 Teleflex Metal Ligation Product and Services
2.1.4 Teleflex Metal Ligation Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2 Meril Life Sciences
2.2.1 Meril Life Sciences Details
2.2.2 Meril Life Sciences Major Business
2.2.3 Meril Life Sciences Metal Ligation Product and Services
2.2.4 Meril Life Sciences Metal Ligation Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3 Aesculap
2.3.1 Aesculap Details
2.3.2 Aesculap Major Business
2.3.3 Aesculap Metal Ligation Product and Services
2.3.4 Aesculap Metal Ligation Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4 Medtronic
2.4.1 Medtronic Details
2.4.2 Medtronic Major Business
2.4.3 Medtronic Metal Ligation Product and Services
2.4.4 Medtronic Metal Ligation Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5 VHMED ( Nantong )
2.5.1 VHMED ( Nantong ) Details
2.5.2 VHMED ( Nantong ) Major Business
2.5.3 VHMED ( Nantong ) Metal Ligation Product and Services
2.5.4 VHMED ( Nantong ) Metal Ligation Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6 Taiwan Surgical Corporation
2.6.1 Taiwan Surgical Corporation Details
2.6.2 Taiwan Surgical Corporation Major Business
2.6.3 Taiwan Surgical Corporation Metal Ligation Product and Services
2.6.4 Taiwan Surgical Corporation Metal Ligation Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.7 Grena Ltd.
2.7.1 Grena Ltd. Details
2.7.2 Grena Ltd. Major Business
2.7.3 Grena Ltd. Metal Ligation Product and Services
2.7.4 Grena Ltd. Metal Ligation Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3 Metal Ligation Breakdown Data by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Metal Ligation Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Metal Ligation
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 Metal Ligation Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.4.2 Top 6 Metal Ligation Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.5 Global Metal Ligation Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Metal Ligation Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Metal Ligation Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Metal Ligation Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
4.1.2 Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
4.2 North America Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028)
4.3 Europe Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028)
4.5 South America Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Metal Ligation Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
5.2 Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
5.3 Global Metal Ligation Price by Type (2017-2028)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Metal Ligation Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
6.2 Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 Global Metal Ligation Price by Application (2017-2028)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 North America Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 North America Metal Ligation Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Metal Ligation Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 North America Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Europe Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Europe Metal Ligation Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Metal Ligation Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.2 Europe Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 South America Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 South America Metal Ligation Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Metal Ligation Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 South America Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2028)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2028)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
12 Raw Material and Industry Chain
12.1 Raw Material of Metal Ligation and Key Manufacturers
12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Metal Ligation
12.3 Metal Ligation Production Process
12.4 Metal Ligation Industrial Chain
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Sales Channel
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Metal Ligation Typical Distributors
13.3 Metal Ligation Typical Customers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Process and Data Source
15.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 2. Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 3. Teleflex Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 4. Teleflex Major Business
Table 5. Teleflex Metal Ligation Product and Services
Table 6. Teleflex Metal Ligation Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 7. Meril Life Sciences Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 8. Meril Life Sciences Major Business
Table 9. Meril Life Sciences Metal Ligation Product and Services
Table 10. Meril Life Sciences Metal Ligation Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 11. Aesculap Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 12. Aesculap Major Business
Table 13. Aesculap Metal Ligation Product and Services
Table 14. Aesculap Metal Ligation Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 15. Medtronic Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 16. Medtronic Major Business
Table 17. Medtronic Metal Ligation Product and Services
Table 18. Medtronic Metal Ligation Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 19. VHMED ( Nantong ) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 20. VHMED ( Nantong ) Major Business
Table 21. VHMED ( Nantong ) Metal Ligation Product and Services
Table 22. VHMED ( Nantong ) Metal Ligation Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 23. Taiwan Surgical Corporation Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 24. Taiwan Surgical Corporation Major Business
Table 25. Taiwan Surgical Corporation Metal Ligation Product and Services
Table 26. Taiwan Surgical Corporation Metal Ligation Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 27. Grena Ltd. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 28. Grena Ltd. Major Business
Table 29. Grena Ltd. Metal Ligation Product and Services
Table 30. Grena Ltd. Metal Ligation Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 31. Global Metal Ligation Sales by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (USD Million)
Table 33. Market Position of Manufacturers in Metal Ligation, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2021
Table 34. Global Metal Ligation Production Capacity by Company, (K Units): 2020 VS 2021
Table 35. Head Office and Metal Ligation Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 36. Metal Ligation New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 37. Metal Ligation Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 38. Global Metal Ligation Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 39. Global Metal Ligation Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 40. Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 41. Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 42. Global Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 43. Global Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 45. Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 46. Global Metal Ligation Price by Type (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 47. Global Metal Ligation Price by Type (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Table 48. Global Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 49. Global Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 50. Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 51. Global Metal Ligation Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 52. Global Metal Ligation Price by Application (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 53. Global Metal Ligation Price by Application (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Table 54. North America Metal Ligation Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 55. North America Metal Ligation Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 56. North America Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 57. North America Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 58. North America Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 59. North America Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 60. North America Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 61. North America Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 62. Europe Metal Ligation Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 63. Europe Metal Ligation Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 64. Europe Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Europe Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Europe Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 67. Europe Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 68. Europe Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 69. Europe Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 70. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 71. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 72. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 73. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 74. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 75. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 76. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 77. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 78. South America Metal Ligation Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 79. South America Metal Ligation Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 80. South America Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 81. South America Metal Ligation Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 82. South America Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 83. South America Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 84. South America Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 85. South America Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 86. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 87. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 88. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 89. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 90. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 91. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 92. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 93. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 94. Metal Ligation Raw Material
Table 95. Key Manufacturers of Metal Ligation Raw Materials
Table 96. Direct Channel Pros & Cons
Table 97. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons
Table 98. Metal Ligation Typical Distributors
Table 99. Metal Ligation Typical Customers
List of Figures
Figure 1. Metal Ligation Picture
Figure 2. Global Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. Titanium Ligation
Figure 4. Stainless Steel Alloys Ligation
Figure 5. Global Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 6. Open Surgery
Figure 7. Endoscopy
Figure 8. Others
Figure 9. Global Metal Ligation Revenue, (USD Million) & (K Units): 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Figure 10. Global Metal Ligation Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 11. Global Metal Ligation Sales (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 12. Global Metal Ligation Price (2017-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 13. Global Metal Ligation Production Capacity (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 14. Global Metal Ligation Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 15. Metal Ligation Market Drivers
Figure 16. Metal Ligation Market Restraints
Figure 17. Metal Ligation Market Trends
Figure 18. Global Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 19. Global Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 20. Metal Ligation Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 21. Top 3 Metal Ligation Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 22. Top 6 Metal Ligation Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 23. Global Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 24. Global Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 25. North America Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 26. Europe Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 27. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 28. South America Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 29. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 30. Global Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 31. Global Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 32. Global Metal Ligation Price by Type (2017-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 33. Global Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 34. Global Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 35. Global Metal Ligation Price by Application (2017-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 36. North America Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 37. North America Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 38. North America Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 40. United States Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 41. Canada Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Mexico Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Europe Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 44. Europe Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Europe Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Europe Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 47. Germany Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 48. France Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. United Kingdom Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Russia Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Italy Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 54. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 56. China Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 57. Japan Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. Korea Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. India Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. Southeast Asia Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. Australia Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. South America Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 63. South America Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 64. South America Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 65. South America Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 66. Brazil Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 67. Argentina Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 68. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 69. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 70. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Metal Ligation Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 72. Turkey Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 73. Egypt Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 74. Saudi Arabia Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 75. South Africa Metal Ligation Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 76. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Metal Ligation in 2021
Figure 77. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Metal Ligation
Figure 78. Metal Ligation Industrial Chain
Figure 79. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel
Figure 80. Methodology
Figure 81. Research Process and Data Source
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