1 Market Overview
1.1 Propanediol Butyl Ether Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 98% Purity
1.2.3 99% Purity
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical Intermediates
1.3.3 Organic Synthesis
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028)
1.4.2 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Total Production Capacity (2017-2028)
1.5.2 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Drivers
1.6.2 Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Restraints
1.6.3 Propanediol Butyl Ether Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Nanjing Lianye Chemical
2.1.1 Nanjing Lianye Chemical Details
2.1.2 Nanjing Lianye Chemical Major Business
2.1.3 Nanjing Lianye Chemical Propanediol Butyl Ether Product and Services
2.1.4 Nanjing Lianye Chemical Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2 KH Chemicals
2.2.1 KH Chemicals Details
2.2.2 KH Chemicals Major Business
2.2.3 KH Chemicals Propanediol Butyl Ether Product and Services
2.2.4 KH Chemicals Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3 INEOS Oxide
2.3.1 INEOS Oxide Details
2.3.2 INEOS Oxide Major Business
2.3.3 INEOS Oxide Propanediol Butyl Ether Product and Services
2.3.4 INEOS Oxide Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3 Propanediol Butyl Ether Breakdown Data by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Propanediol Butyl Ether
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 Propanediol Butyl Ether Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.4.2 Top 6 Propanediol Butyl Ether Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.5 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Propanediol Butyl Ether Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
4.1.2 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
4.2 North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028)
4.3 Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028)
4.5 South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
5.2 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
5.3 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price by Type (2017-2028)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
6.2 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price by Application (2017-2028)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.2 Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2028)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2028)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
12 Raw Material and Industry Chain
12.1 Raw Material of Propanediol Butyl Ether and Key Manufacturers
12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Propanediol Butyl Ether
12.3 Propanediol Butyl Ether Production Process
12.4 Propanediol Butyl Ether Industrial Chain
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Sales Channel
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Propanediol Butyl Ether Typical Distributors
13.3 Propanediol Butyl Ether Typical Customers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Process and Data Source
15.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 2. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 3. Nanjing Lianye Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 4. Nanjing Lianye Chemical Major Business
Table 5. Nanjing Lianye Chemical Propanediol Butyl Ether Product and Services
Table 6. Nanjing Lianye Chemical Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales (Tons), Price (US$/Ton), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 7. KH Chemicals Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 8. KH Chemicals Major Business
Table 9. KH Chemicals Propanediol Butyl Ether Product and Services
Table 10. KH Chemicals Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales (Tons), Price (US$/Ton), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 11. INEOS Oxide Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 12. INEOS Oxide Major Business
Table 13. INEOS Oxide Propanediol Butyl Ether Product and Services
Table 14. INEOS Oxide Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales (Tons), Price (US$/Ton), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 15. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (Tons)
Table 16. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (USD Million)
Table 17. Market Position of Manufacturers in Propanediol Butyl Ether, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2021
Table 18. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Production Capacity by Company, (Tons): 2020 VS 2021
Table 19. Head Office and Propanediol Butyl Ether Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 20. Propanediol Butyl Ether New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 21. Propanediol Butyl Ether Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 22. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 23. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 24. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 25. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 26. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 27. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 28. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 29. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 30. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price by Type (2017-2022) & (US$/Ton)
Table 31. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price by Type (2023-2028) & (US$/Ton)
Table 32. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 33. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 34. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 35. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 36. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price by Application (2017-2022) & (US$/Ton)
Table 37. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price by Application (2023-2028) & (US$/Ton)
Table 38. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 39. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 40. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 41. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 42. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 43. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 44. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 45. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 46. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 47. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 48. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 49. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 50. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 51. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 52. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 53. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 54. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 55. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 56. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 59. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 60. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 61. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 62. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 63. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 64. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 65. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 66. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 67. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 68. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 69. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 70. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 71. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 72. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 73. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 74. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 75. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 76. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Tons)
Table 77. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (Tons)
Table 78. Propanediol Butyl Ether Raw Material
Table 79. Key Manufacturers of Propanediol Butyl Ether Raw Materials
Table 80. Direct Channel Pros & Cons
Table 81. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons
Table 82. Propanediol Butyl Ether Typical Distributors
Table 83. Propanediol Butyl Ether Typical Customers
List of Figures
Figure 1. Propanediol Butyl Ether Picture
Figure 2. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. 98% Purity
Figure 4. 99% Purity
Figure 5. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 6. Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Figure 7. Organic Synthesis
Figure 8. Other
Figure 9. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue, (USD Million) & (Tons): 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Figure 10. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 11. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales (2017-2028) & (Tons)
Figure 12. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price (2017-2028) & (US$/Ton)
Figure 13. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Production Capacity (2017-2028) & (Tons)
Figure 14. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 15. Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Drivers
Figure 16. Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Restraints
Figure 17. Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Trends
Figure 18. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 19. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 20. Propanediol Butyl Ether Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 21. Top 3 Propanediol Butyl Ether Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 22. Top 6 Propanediol Butyl Ether Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 23. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 24. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 25. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 26. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 27. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 28. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 29. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 30. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 31. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 32. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price by Type (2017-2028) & (US$/Ton)
Figure 33. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 34. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 35. Global Propanediol Butyl Ether Price by Application (2017-2028) & (US$/Ton)
Figure 36. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 37. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 38. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 40. United States Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 41. Canada Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Mexico Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 44. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Europe Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 47. Germany Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 48. France Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. United Kingdom Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Russia Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Italy Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 54. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 56. China Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 57. Japan Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. Korea Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. India Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. Southeast Asia Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. Australia Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 63. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 64. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 65. South America Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 66. Brazil Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 67. Argentina Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 68. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 69. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 70. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 72. Turkey Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 73. Egypt Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 74. Saudi Arabia Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 75. South Africa Propanediol Butyl Ether Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 76. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Propanediol Butyl Ether in 2021
Figure 77. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Propanediol Butyl Ether
Figure 78. Propanediol Butyl Ether Industrial Chain
Figure 79. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel
Figure 80. Methodology
Figure 81. Research Process and Data Source
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