1 Market Overview
1.1 Paste Thickener Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Vertical
1.2.3 Horizontal
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Mining
1.3.3 Water Treatment
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Paste Thickener Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global Paste Thickener Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028)
1.4.2 Global Paste Thickener Sales in Volume (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Global Paste Thickener Price (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Paste Thickener Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global Paste Thickener Total Production Capacity (2017-2028)
1.5.2 Global Paste Thickener Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Paste Thickener Market Drivers
1.6.2 Paste Thickener Market Restraints
1.6.3 Paste Thickener Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Metso Outotec
2.1.1 Metso Outotec Details
2.1.2 Metso Outotec Major Business
2.1.3 Metso Outotec Paste Thickener Product and Services
2.1.4 Metso Outotec Paste Thickener Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2 McLanahan
2.2.1 McLanahan Details
2.2.2 McLanahan Major Business
2.2.3 McLanahan Paste Thickener Product and Services
2.2.4 McLanahan Paste Thickener Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3 WesTech Engineering
2.3.1 WesTech Engineering Details
2.3.2 WesTech Engineering Major Business
2.3.3 WesTech Engineering Paste Thickener Product and Services
2.3.4 WesTech Engineering Paste Thickener Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4 Matec Industries
2.4.1 Matec Industries Details
2.4.2 Matec Industries Major Business
2.4.3 Matec Industries Paste Thickener Product and Services
2.4.4 Matec Industries Paste Thickener Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5 TH Process
2.5.1 TH Process Details
2.5.2 TH Process Major Business
2.5.3 TH Process Paste Thickener Product and Services
2.5.4 TH Process Paste Thickener Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6 Hawk Measurement Systems
2.6.1 Hawk Measurement Systems Details
2.6.2 Hawk Measurement Systems Major Business
2.6.3 Hawk Measurement Systems Paste Thickener Product and Services
2.6.4 Hawk Measurement Systems Paste Thickener Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.7 Mineral Processing Solutions
2.7.1 Mineral Processing Solutions Details
2.7.2 Mineral Processing Solutions Major Business
2.7.3 Mineral Processing Solutions Paste Thickener Product and Services
2.7.4 Mineral Processing Solutions Paste Thickener Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3 Paste Thickener Breakdown Data by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Paste Thickener Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Paste Thickener
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 Paste Thickener Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.4.2 Top 6 Paste Thickener Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.5 Global Paste Thickener Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Paste Thickener Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Paste Thickener Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Paste Thickener Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
4.1.2 Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
4.2 North America Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028)
4.3 Europe Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028)
4.5 South America Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Paste Thickener Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
5.2 Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
5.3 Global Paste Thickener Price by Type (2017-2028)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Paste Thickener Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
6.2 Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 Global Paste Thickener Price by Application (2017-2028)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 North America Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 North America Paste Thickener Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Paste Thickener Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 North America Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Europe Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Europe Paste Thickener Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Paste Thickener Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.2 Europe Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 South America Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 South America Paste Thickener Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Paste Thickener Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 South America Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2028)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2028)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
12 Raw Material and Industry Chain
12.1 Raw Material of Paste Thickener and Key Manufacturers
12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Paste Thickener
12.3 Paste Thickener Production Process
12.4 Paste Thickener Industrial Chain
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Sales Channel
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Paste Thickener Typical Distributors
13.3 Paste Thickener Typical Customers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Process and Data Source
15.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 2. Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 3. Metso Outotec Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 4. Metso Outotec Major Business
Table 5. Metso Outotec Paste Thickener Product and Services
Table 6. Metso Outotec Paste Thickener Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 7. McLanahan Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 8. McLanahan Major Business
Table 9. McLanahan Paste Thickener Product and Services
Table 10. McLanahan Paste Thickener Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 11. WesTech Engineering Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 12. WesTech Engineering Major Business
Table 13. WesTech Engineering Paste Thickener Product and Services
Table 14. WesTech Engineering Paste Thickener Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 15. Matec Industries Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 16. Matec Industries Major Business
Table 17. Matec Industries Paste Thickener Product and Services
Table 18. Matec Industries Paste Thickener Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 19. TH Process Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 20. TH Process Major Business
Table 21. TH Process Paste Thickener Product and Services
Table 22. TH Process Paste Thickener Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 23. Hawk Measurement Systems Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 24. Hawk Measurement Systems Major Business
Table 25. Hawk Measurement Systems Paste Thickener Product and Services
Table 26. Hawk Measurement Systems Paste Thickener Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 27. Mineral Processing Solutions Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 28. Mineral Processing Solutions Major Business
Table 29. Mineral Processing Solutions Paste Thickener Product and Services
Table 30. Mineral Processing Solutions Paste Thickener Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 31. Global Paste Thickener Sales by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (USD Million)
Table 33. Market Position of Manufacturers in Paste Thickener, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2021
Table 34. Global Paste Thickener Production Capacity by Company, (K Units): 2020 VS 2021
Table 35. Head Office and Paste Thickener Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 36. Paste Thickener New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 37. Paste Thickener Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 38. Global Paste Thickener Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 39. Global Paste Thickener Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 40. Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 41. Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 42. Global Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 43. Global Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 45. Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 46. Global Paste Thickener Price by Type (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 47. Global Paste Thickener Price by Type (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Table 48. Global Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 49. Global Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 50. Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 51. Global Paste Thickener Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 52. Global Paste Thickener Price by Application (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 53. Global Paste Thickener Price by Application (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Table 54. North America Paste Thickener Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 55. North America Paste Thickener Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 56. North America Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 57. North America Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 58. North America Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 59. North America Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 60. North America Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 61. North America Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 62. Europe Paste Thickener Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 63. Europe Paste Thickener Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 64. Europe Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Europe Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Europe Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 67. Europe Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 68. Europe Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 69. Europe Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 70. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 71. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 72. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 73. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 74. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 75. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 76. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 77. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 78. South America Paste Thickener Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 79. South America Paste Thickener Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 80. South America Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 81. South America Paste Thickener Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 82. South America Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 83. South America Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 84. South America Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 85. South America Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 86. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 87. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 88. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 89. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 90. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 91. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 92. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 93. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 94. Paste Thickener Raw Material
Table 95. Key Manufacturers of Paste Thickener Raw Materials
Table 96. Direct Channel Pros & Cons
Table 97. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons
Table 98. Paste Thickener Typical Distributors
Table 99. Paste Thickener Typical Customers
List of Figures
Figure 1. Paste Thickener Picture
Figure 2. Global Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. Vertical
Figure 4. Horizontal
Figure 5. Global Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 6. Mining
Figure 7. Water Treatment
Figure 8. Others
Figure 9. Global Paste Thickener Revenue, (USD Million) & (K Units): 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Figure 10. Global Paste Thickener Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 11. Global Paste Thickener Sales (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 12. Global Paste Thickener Price (2017-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 13. Global Paste Thickener Production Capacity (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 14. Global Paste Thickener Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 15. Paste Thickener Market Drivers
Figure 16. Paste Thickener Market Restraints
Figure 17. Paste Thickener Market Trends
Figure 18. Global Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 19. Global Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 20. Paste Thickener Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 21. Top 3 Paste Thickener Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 22. Top 6 Paste Thickener Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 23. Global Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 24. Global Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 25. North America Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 26. Europe Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 27. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 28. South America Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 29. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 30. Global Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 31. Global Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 32. Global Paste Thickener Price by Type (2017-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 33. Global Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 34. Global Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 35. Global Paste Thickener Price by Application (2017-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 36. North America Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 37. North America Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 38. North America Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 40. United States Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 41. Canada Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Mexico Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Europe Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 44. Europe Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Europe Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Europe Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 47. Germany Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 48. France Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. United Kingdom Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Russia Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Italy Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 54. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 56. China Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 57. Japan Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. Korea Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. India Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. Southeast Asia Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. Australia Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. South America Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 63. South America Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 64. South America Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 65. South America Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 66. Brazil Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 67. Argentina Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 68. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 69. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 70. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Paste Thickener Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 72. Turkey Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 73. Egypt Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 74. Saudi Arabia Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 75. South Africa Paste Thickener Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 76. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Paste Thickener in 2021
Figure 77. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Paste Thickener
Figure 78. Paste Thickener Industrial Chain
Figure 79. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel
Figure 80. Methodology
Figure 81. Research Process and Data Source
*** 免責事項 ***
https://www.globalresearch.co.jp/disclaimer/