鉄道車両管理のグローバル市場展望 2023年-2029年:遠隔診断管理、沿線管理、列車管理、資産管理、制御室管理、駅管理、自動運賃収受管理

■ 英語タイトル:Railway Rolling Stock Management Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2023-2029

調査会社Market Monitor Global社が発行したリサーチレポート(データ管理コード:MMG23LY0215)■ 発行会社/調査会社:Market Monitor Global
■ 商品コード:MMG23LY0215
■ 発行日:2023年7月
■ 調査対象地域:グローバル、北米、アメリカ、ヨーロッパ、アジア、日本、中国、東南アジア、インド、南米、中東・アフリカなど
■ 産業分野:自動車&輸送
■ ページ数:103
■ レポート言語:英語
■ レポート形式:PDF
■ 納品方式:Eメール(受注後2-3営業日)
■ 販売価格オプション(消費税別)
Single User(1名様閲覧用)USD3,250 ⇒換算¥494,000見積依頼/購入/質問フォーム
Multi User(20名様閲覧用)USD4,225 ⇒換算¥642,200見積依頼/購入/質問フォーム
Enterprise User(閲覧人数制限なし)USD4,875 ⇒換算¥741,000見積依頼/購入/質問フォーム
販売価格オプションの説明はこちらで、ご購入に関する詳細案内はご利用ガイドでご確認いただけます。
※お支払金額は「換算金額(日本円)+消費税+配送料(Eメール納品は無料)」です。
※Eメールによる納品の場合、通常ご注文当日~2日以内に納品致します。
※レポート納品後、納品日+5日以内に請求書を発行・送付致します。(請求書発行日より2ヶ月以内の銀行振込条件、カード払いも可能)
Market Monitor Global社の概要及び新刊レポートはこちらでご確認いただけます。

★グローバルリサーチ資料[鉄道車両管理のグローバル市場展望 2023年-2029年:遠隔診断管理、沿線管理、列車管理、資産管理、制御室管理、駅管理、自動運賃収受管理]についてメールでお問い合わせはこちら
*** レポート概要(サマリー)***

当調査レポートは次の情報を含め、世界の鉄道車両管理市場規模と予測を収録しています。・世界の鉄道車両管理市場:売上、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
・世界の鉄道車両管理市場:販売量、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
・世界のトップ5企業、2022年

世界の鉄道車両管理市場は2022年に000Mドルと評価され、予測期間中に000%のCAGRで2029年までに000Mドルに達すると予測されています。米国市場は2022年に000Mドルと推定されており、中国は2029年までに000Mドルに達すると予測されています。「遠隔診断管理」セグメントは今後6年間、000%のCAGRで2029年までに000Mドルに成長すると予測されています。

鉄道車両管理のグローバル主要企業は、Bombardier、 Alstom、 General Electric、 Siemens、 ABB、 Hitachi、 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries、 Talgo、 Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles、 Thales Group、 Trimble、 Tech Mahindra、 Transmashholding、 CRRC、 Ansaldo、 Danobat Group、 Bentley Systems、 Toshibaなどです。2022年にトップ5企業がグローバル売上シェアの約000%を占めています。

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL(MMG)は、鉄道車両管理のメーカー、サプライヤー、流通業者、および業界の専門家を調査しました。これには、販売量、売上、需要、価格変動、製品タイプ、最近の動向と計画、産業トレンド、成長要因、課題、阻害要因、潜在的なリスクなどが含まれます。

【セグメント別市場分析】

世界の鉄道車両管理市場:タイプ別、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
世界の鉄道車両管理市場:タイプ別市場シェア、2022年
・遠隔診断管理、沿線管理、列車管理、資産管理、制御室管理、駅管理、自動運賃収受管理

世界の鉄道車両管理市場:用途別、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
世界の鉄道車両管理市場:用途別市場シェア、2022年
・鉄道、インフラ

世界の鉄道車両管理市場:地域・国別、2018年-2023年、2024年-2029年
世界の鉄道車両管理市場:地域別市場シェア、2022年
・北米:アメリカ、カナダ、メキシコ
・ヨーロッパ:ドイツ、フランス、イギリス、イタリア、ロシア
・アジア:中国、日本、韓国、東南アジア、インド
・南米:ブラジル、アルゼンチン
・中東・アフリカ:トルコ、イスラエル、サウジアラビア、UAE

【競合分析】

また、当レポートは主要な市場参加者の分析を提供します。
・主要企業における鉄道車両管理のグローバル売上、2018年-2023年
・主要企業における鉄道車両管理のグローバル売上シェア、2022年
・主要企業における鉄道車両管理のグローバル販売量、2018年-2023年
・主要企業における鉄道車両管理のグローバル販売量シェア、2022年

さらに、当レポートは主要企業のプロファイルを提示します。
Bombardier、 Alstom、 General Electric、 Siemens、 ABB、 Hitachi、 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries、 Talgo、 Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles、 Thales Group、 Trimble、 Tech Mahindra、 Transmashholding、 CRRC、 Ansaldo、 Danobat Group、 Bentley Systems、 Toshiba

*************************************************************

・調査・分析レポートの概要
鉄道車両管理市場の定義
市場セグメント
世界の鉄道車両管理市場概要
当レポートの特徴・ベネフィット
調査手法と情報源

・世界の鉄道車両管理市場規模
世界の鉄道車両管理市場規模:2022年 VS 2029年
世界の鉄道車両管理市場規模と予測 2018年-2029年

・競争状況
グローバルトップ企業
売上ベースでのグローバルトップ企業
企業別グローバルでの鉄道車両管理の売上
グローバルトップ3およびトップ5企業、2022年売上ベース
グローバル企業の鉄道車両管理製品タイプ
グローバルにおけるティア1、ティア2、ティア3企業

・タイプ別市場分析
タイプ区分:遠隔診断管理、沿線管理、列車管理、資産管理、制御室管理、駅管理、自動運賃収受管理
鉄道車両管理のタイプ別グローバル売上・予測

・用途別市場分析
用途区分:鉄道、インフラ
鉄道車両管理の用途別グローバル売上・予測

・地域別市場分析
地域別鉄道車両管理市場規模 2022年と2029年
地域別鉄道車両管理売上・予測
北米市場:アメリカ、カナダ、メキシコ
ヨーロッパ市場:ドイツ、フランス、イギリス、イタリア、ロシア
アジア市場:中国、日本、韓国、東南アジア、インド
南米市場:ブラジル、アルゼンチン
中東・アフリカ市場:トルコ、イスラエル、サウジアラビア、UAE

・主要企業のプロファイル(企業概要、事業概要、主要製品、売上、ニュースなど)
Bombardier、 Alstom、 General Electric、 Siemens、 ABB、 Hitachi、 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries、 Talgo、 Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles、 Thales Group、 Trimble、 Tech Mahindra、 Transmashholding、 CRRC、 Ansaldo、 Danobat Group、 Bentley Systems、 Toshiba
...

Railway Rolling Stock refers to any vehicles that move on a railway. It usually includes both powered and unpowered vehicles, for example locomotives, railroad cars, coaches, and wagons. Rolling Stock Management system covers Remote Diagnostic Management, Wayside Management, Train Management, Asset Management and so on.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Railway Rolling Stock Management, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Railway Rolling Stock Management. This report contains market size and forecasts of Railway Rolling Stock Management in global, including the following market information:
Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2029, ($ millions)
Global top five companies in 2022 (%)
The global Railway Rolling Stock Management market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is to reach $ Million.
Remote Diagnostic Management Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Railway Rolling Stock Management include Bombardier, Alstom, General Electric, Siemens, ABB, Hitachi, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Talgo and Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Railway Rolling Stock Management companies, and industry experts on this industry, involving the revenue, demand, product type, recent developments and plans, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ millions)
Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Remote Diagnostic Management
Wayside Management
Train Management
Asset Management
Control Room Management
Station Management
Automatic Fare Collection Management
Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ millions)
Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Rail
Infrastructure
Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2029 ($ Millions)
Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Railway Rolling Stock Management revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Railway Rolling Stock Management revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Bombardier
Alstom
General Electric
Siemens
ABB
Hitachi
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Talgo
Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles
Thales Group
Trimble
Tech Mahindra
Transmashholding
CRRC
Ansaldo
Danobat Group
Bentley Systems
Toshiba
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Railway Rolling Stock Management, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Railway Rolling Stock Management market size in revenue.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Railway Rolling Stock Management company competitive landscape, revenue and market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Railway Rolling Stock Management in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: The main points and conclusions of the report.

*** レポート目次(コンテンツ)***

1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
2.3.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Restraints
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Railway Rolling Stock Management Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue by Companies
3.4 Top 3 and Top 5 Railway Rolling Stock Management Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.5 Global Companies Railway Rolling Stock Management Product Type
3.6 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Railway Rolling Stock Management Players in Global Market
3.6.1 List of Global Tier 1 Railway Rolling Stock Management Companies
3.6.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Railway Rolling Stock Management Companies
4 Market Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Remote Diagnostic Management
4.1.3 Wayside Management
4.1.4 Train Management
4.1.5 Asset Management
4.1.6 Control Room Management
4.1.7 Station Management
4.1.8 Automatic Fare Collection Management
4.2 By Type – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Rail
5.1.3 Infrastructure
5.2 By Application – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region – Global Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 North America
6.3.1 By Country – North America Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2018-2029
6.3.2 US Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.3.3 Canada Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.3.4 Mexico Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 By Country – Europe Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 Germany Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.3 France Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 U.K. Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Italy Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.6 Russia Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.7 Nordic Countries Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.8 Benelux Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 By Region – Asia Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 China Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Japan Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 South Korea Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 Southeast Asia Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 India Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 South America
6.6.1 By Country – South America Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 Brazil Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.3 Argentina Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 Middle East & Africa
6.7.1 By Country – Middle East & Africa Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 Turkey Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Israel Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Saudi Arabia Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.5 UAE Railway Rolling Stock Management Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Railway Rolling Stock Management Companies Profiles
7.1 Bombardier
7.1.1 Bombardier Company Summary
7.1.2 Bombardier Business Overview
7.1.3 Bombardier Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Bombardier Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Bombardier Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Alstom
7.2.1 Alstom Company Summary
7.2.2 Alstom Business Overview
7.2.3 Alstom Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Alstom Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Alstom Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 General Electric
7.3.1 General Electric Company Summary
7.3.2 General Electric Business Overview
7.3.3 General Electric Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 General Electric Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.3.5 General Electric Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Siemens
7.4.1 Siemens Company Summary
7.4.2 Siemens Business Overview
7.4.3 Siemens Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Siemens Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Siemens Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 ABB
7.5.1 ABB Company Summary
7.5.2 ABB Business Overview
7.5.3 ABB Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 ABB Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.5.5 ABB Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Hitachi
7.6.1 Hitachi Company Summary
7.6.2 Hitachi Business Overview
7.6.3 Hitachi Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Hitachi Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Hitachi Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
7.7.1 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Company Summary
7.7.2 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Business Overview
7.7.3 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Talgo
7.8.1 Talgo Company Summary
7.8.2 Talgo Business Overview
7.8.3 Talgo Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Talgo Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Talgo Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles
7.9.1 Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles Company Summary
7.9.2 Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles Business Overview
7.9.3 Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Thales Group
7.10.1 Thales Group Company Summary
7.10.2 Thales Group Business Overview
7.10.3 Thales Group Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Thales Group Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Thales Group Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 Trimble
7.11.1 Trimble Company Summary
7.11.2 Trimble Business Overview
7.11.3 Trimble Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Trimble Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.11.5 Trimble Key News & Latest Developments
7.12 Tech Mahindra
7.12.1 Tech Mahindra Company Summary
7.12.2 Tech Mahindra Business Overview
7.12.3 Tech Mahindra Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Tech Mahindra Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.12.5 Tech Mahindra Key News & Latest Developments
7.13 Transmashholding
7.13.1 Transmashholding Company Summary
7.13.2 Transmashholding Business Overview
7.13.3 Transmashholding Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.13.4 Transmashholding Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.13.5 Transmashholding Key News & Latest Developments
7.14 CRRC
7.14.1 CRRC Company Summary
7.14.2 CRRC Business Overview
7.14.3 CRRC Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.14.4 CRRC Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.14.5 CRRC Key News & Latest Developments
7.15 Ansaldo
7.15.1 Ansaldo Company Summary
7.15.2 Ansaldo Business Overview
7.15.3 Ansaldo Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.15.4 Ansaldo Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.15.5 Ansaldo Key News & Latest Developments
7.16 Danobat Group
7.16.1 Danobat Group Company Summary
7.16.2 Danobat Group Business Overview
7.16.3 Danobat Group Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.16.4 Danobat Group Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.16.5 Danobat Group Key News & Latest Developments
7.17 Bentley Systems
7.17.1 Bentley Systems Company Summary
7.17.2 Bentley Systems Business Overview
7.17.3 Bentley Systems Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.17.4 Bentley Systems Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.17.5 Bentley Systems Key News & Latest Developments
7.18 Toshiba
7.18.1 Toshiba Company Summary
7.18.2 Toshiba Business Overview
7.18.3 Toshiba Railway Rolling Stock Management Major Product Offerings
7.18.4 Toshiba Railway Rolling Stock Management Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.18.5 Toshiba Key News & Latest Developments
8 Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Note
9.2 Examples of Clients
9.3 Disclaimer



*** 免責事項 ***
https://www.globalresearch.co.jp/disclaimer/



※注目の調査資料
※当サイト上のレポートデータは弊社H&Iグローバルリサーチ運営のMarketReport.jpサイトと連動しています。
※当市場調査資料(MMG23LY0215 )"鉄道車両管理のグローバル市場展望 2023年-2029年:遠隔診断管理、沿線管理、列車管理、資産管理、制御室管理、駅管理、自動運賃収受管理" (英文:Railway Rolling Stock Management Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2023-2029)はMarket Monitor Global社が調査・発行しており、H&Iグローバルリサーチが販売します。


◆H&Iグローバルリサーチのお客様(例)◆


※当サイトに掲載していない調査資料も弊社を通してご購入可能ですので、お気軽にご連絡ください。ウェブサイトでは紹介しきれない資料も数多くございます。
※無料翻訳ツールをご利用いただけます。翻訳可能なPDF納品ファイルが対象です。ご利用を希望されるお客様はご注文の時にその旨をお申し出ください。