1 INTRODUCTION 32
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 32
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 32
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS OF STUDY 33
1.3 MARKET SCOPE 34
1.3.1 MARKET SEGMENTATION 34
1.3.2 REGIONAL SEGMENTATION 34
1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED 35
1.4 CURRENCY 35
1.5 LIMITATIONS 35
1.6 MARKET STAKEHOLDERS 36
1.7 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 36
1.8 RECESSION IMPACT 37
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 38
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 38
FIGURE 1 RESEARCH DESIGN 38
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 39
2.1.1.1 Secondary sources 39
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 40
FIGURE 2 PRIMARY SOURCES 40
2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources 41
2.1.2.2 Key industry insights 42
2.1.2.3 Breakdown of primary interviews 43
FIGURE 3 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS: SUPPLY-SIDE AND DEMAND-SIDE PARTICIPANTS 43
FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS: BY COMPANY TYPE, DESIGNATION, AND REGION 43
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 44
FIGURE 5 REVENUE SHARE ANALYSIS ILLUSTRATION: OXFORD IMMUNOTEC USA, INC. (SUBSIDIARY OF REVVITY, INC.) (UK) 44
FIGURE 6 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 45
2.2.1 GROWTH FORECAST 45
FIGURE 7 CAGR PROJECTIONS: SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 46
FIGURE 8 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 46
2.3 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION 48
FIGURE 9 DATA TRIANGULATION METHODOLOGY 48
2.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS 49
2.5 STUDY ASSUMPTIONS 49
2.6 RISK ASSESSMENT 49
TABLE 1 RISK ASSESSMENT 49
2.7 RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 50
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 51
FIGURE 10 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 51
FIGURE 11 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 52
FIGURE 12 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 52
FIGURE 13 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 53
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 54
4.1 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET OVERVIEW 54
FIGURE 14 RISING INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES TO DRIVE MARKET 54
4.2 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY TECHNIQUE, 2023–2028 54
FIGURE 15 ELISPOT ASSAY KITS TO REGISTER HIGHER GROWTH DURING FORECAST PERIOD 54
4.3 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT AND COUNTRY (2022) 55
FIGURE 16 ASSAY KITS ACCOUNTED FOR LARGEST SHARE OF NORTH AMERICAN ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET IN 2022 55
4.4 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET: GEOGRAPHIC GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES 56
FIGURE 17 ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES TO REGISTER HIGHER GROWTH DURING FORECAST PERIOD 56
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 57
5.1 INTRODUCTION 57
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 57
FIGURE 18 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET: DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES 57
5.2.1 DRIVERS 58
5.2.1.1 Increasing incidence of chronic and infectious diseases and growing awareness about early disease diagnosis 58
FIGURE 19 INCIDENCE OF DIABETES, BY REGION, 2019 VS. 2030 VS. 2045 (MILLION) 58
TABLE 2 GLOBAL INCIDENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 59
5.2.1.2 Increasing vaccine development to address challenges of antimicrobial resistance 59
5.2.1.3 Increasing use of ELISpot and FluoroSpot assays in oncology 61
TABLE 3 INCIDENCE OF CANCER IN MEN, 2020 61
TABLE 4 INCIDENCE OF CANCER IN WOMEN, 2020 61
5.2.1.4 ELISpot assays as diagnostic tool in drug hypersensitivity reaction 62
TABLE 5 EXAMPLES OF ELISPOT ASSAYS IN DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS 63
5.2.1.5 Growth in biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries 63
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 64
5.2.2.1 Stringent requirements for approval of ELISpot and FluoroSpot assay instruments and consumables 64
5.2.2.2 High cost of assay kits and analyzers 65
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 65
5.2.3.1 Use of FluoroSpot assays for multiple-analyte detection in single well 65
5.2.3.2 Emerging economies 66
FIGURE 20 HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA IN BRIC COUNTRIES, 2012–2020 67
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 67
5.2.4.1 Availability of alternative detection technologies 67
5.2.4.2 Dearth of skilled professionals 67
5.3 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 68
FIGURE 21 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: MAJOR VALUE ADDED DURING MANUFACTURING AND ASSEMBLY PHASES 68
5.4 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 69
FIGURE 22 DIRECT DISTRIBUTION—PREFERRED STRATEGY FOR PROMINENT COMPANIES 69
5.5 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 70
5.6 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 70
5.6.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 71
5.6.2 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 71
5.6.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 71
5.6.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 71
5.6.5 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 71
5.7 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 72
5.7.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 72
FIGURE 23 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS FOR END USERS 72
TABLE 6 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS FOR END USERS (%) 72
5.7.2 BUYING CRITERIA 72
FIGURE 24 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR END USERS 72
TABLE 7 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR END USERS 73
5.8 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 73
TABLE 8 REGULATORY AUTHORITIES GOVERNING ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET 73
5.8.1 US 74
TABLE 9 US: CLASSIFICATION OF ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY PRODUCTS 74
FIGURE 25 US: REGULATORY PROCESS FOR IVD DEVICES 75
5.8.2 CANADA 76
FIGURE 26 CANADA: REGULATORY PROCESS FOR IVD DEVICES 76
5.8.3 EUROPE 76
TABLE 10 EUROPE: CLASSIFICATION OF IVD DEVICES 77
5.8.4 JAPAN 78
FIGURE 27 JAPAN: REGULATORY PROCESS FOR IVD DEVICES 78
TABLE 11 JAPAN: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 78
5.8.5 CHINA 79
TABLE 12 CHINA: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 79
5.8.6 INDIA 79
FIGURE 28 INDIA: REGULATORY PROCESS FOR IVD DEVICES 80
5.8.7 RUSSIA 80
TABLE 13 RUSSIA: CLASSIFICATION OF IVD DEVICES 80
5.8.8 SAUDI ARABIA 80
TABLE 14 SAUDI ARABIA: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 81
5.8.9 MEXICO 81
FIGURE 29 MEXICO: REGULATORY PROCESS FOR IVD DEVICES 81
TABLE 15 MEXICO: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 82
5.8.10 BRAZIL 83
FIGURE 30 BRAZIL: REGULATORY PROCESS FOR IVD DEVICES 83
5.8.11 SOUTH KOREA 83
TABLE 16 SOUTH KOREA: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 83
5.8.12 MIDDLE EAST 84
5.8.13 AFRICA 84
5.9 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS 84
TABLE 17 LIST OF CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2023–2025 84
5.10 PATENT ANALYSIS 85
FIGURE 31 PATENT ANALYSIS FOR ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS 85
5.11 PRICING ANALYSIS 86
TABLE 18 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET: PRICE RANGE FOR ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY PRODUCTS 86
TABLE 19 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF PRODUCTS OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS (2022) 86
5.12 TRADE ANALYSIS 86
5.12.1 TRADE ANALYSIS FOR ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS 86
TABLE 20 IMPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 382200, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2022 (USD MILLION) 87
TABLE 21 EXPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 382200, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2022 (USD MILLION) 87
5.13 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 88
5.13.1 ROLE IN ECOSYSTEM 88
FIGURE 32 KEY PLAYERS OPERATING IN ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET 89
5.14 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER’S BUSINESS 89
6 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT 90
6.1 INTRODUCTION 91
TABLE 22 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 91
6.2 ASSAY KITS 91
TABLE 23 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 92
TABLE 24 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 92
TABLE 25 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 92
TABLE 26 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 93
6.2.1 ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY TECHNIQUE 93
TABLE 27 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY TECHNIQUE, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 93
6.2.1.1 ELISpot assay kits 93
6.2.1.1.1 Need for highly sensitive immune monitoring requirements in clinical trials to drive market 93
TABLE 28 ELISPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 94
TABLE 29 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 94
TABLE 30 EUROPE: ELISPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 95
TABLE 31 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 95
6.2.1.2 FluoroSpot assay kits 95
6.2.1.2.1 Increasing demand for multiple analyte detection and technological advancements to support market growth 95
TABLE 32 FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 96
TABLE 33 NORTH AMERICA: FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 96
TABLE 34 EUROPE: FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 97
TABLE 35 ASIA PACIFIC: FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 97
6.2.2 ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY UTILITY 97
TABLE 36 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY UTILITY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 97
6.2.2.1 Diagnostic kits 98
6.2.2.1.1 Need for early diagnosis of infections to drive market 98
TABLE 37 CANCER CASES, BY TYPE, 2020 98
TABLE 38 DIAGNOSTIC KITS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 98
TABLE 39 NORTH AMERICA: DIAGNOSTIC KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 99
TABLE 40 EUROPE: DIAGNOSTIC KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 99
TABLE 41 ASIA PACIFIC: DIAGNOSTIC KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 99
6.2.2.2 Research kits 100
6.2.2.2.1 Increasing investments in vaccine research, clinical trials, and cancer research to drive market 100
TABLE 42 RESEARCH KITS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 100
TABLE 43 NORTH AMERICA: RESEARCH KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 100
TABLE 44 EUROPE: RESEARCH KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 101
TABLE 45 ASIA PACIFIC: RESEARCH KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 101
6.2.3 ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY ANALYTE 101
TABLE 46 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY ANALYTE, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 101
6.2.3.1 T-cell-based kits 102
6.2.3.1.1 Low concentrations of infection-released analytes necessitate use of T-cell-based kits 102
TABLE 47 T-CELL-BASED KITS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 102
TABLE 48 NORTH AMERICA: T-CELL-BASED KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 102
TABLE 49 EUROPE: T-CELL-BASED KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 103
TABLE 50 ASIA PACIFIC: T-CELL-BASED KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 103
6.2.3.2 B-cell-based kits 103
6.2.3.2.1 Detection of B-cell-based antibodies useful to study cell response post-infection/vaccination 103
TABLE 51 B-CELL-BASED KITS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 104
TABLE 52 NORTH AMERICA: B-CELL-BASED KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 104
TABLE 53 EUROPE: B-CELL-BASED KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 104
TABLE 54 ASIA PACIFIC: B-CELL-BASED KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 105
6.2.3.3 Other analyte kits 105
TABLE 55 OTHER ANALYTE KITS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 105
TABLE 56 NORTH AMERICA: OTHER ANALYTE KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 106
TABLE 57 EUROPE: OTHER ANALYTE KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 106
TABLE 58 ASIA PACIFIC: OTHER ANALYTE KITS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 106
6.3 ANALYZERS 107
6.3.1 ADOPTION OF ASSAY KITS TO DRIVE USE OF ANALYZERS 107
TABLE 59 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ANALYZERS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 107
TABLE 60 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ANALYZERS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 107
TABLE 61 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ANALYZERS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 108
TABLE 62 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ANALYZERS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 108
6.4 ANCILLARY PRODUCTS 108
6.4.1 REPEATED USAGE OF ANCILLARY PRODUCTS INTEGRAL TO RELIABILITY AND SUCCESS OF ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS 108
TABLE 63 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ANCILLARY PRODUCTS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 109
TABLE 64 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ANCILLARY PRODUCTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 109
TABLE 65 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ANCILLARY PRODUCTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 109
TABLE 66 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ANCILLARY PRODUCTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 110
7 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION 111
7.1 INTRODUCTION 112
TABLE 67 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 112
7.2 DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 112
TABLE 68 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS, BY TYPE, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 112
TABLE 69 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 113
TABLE 70 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 113
TABLE 71 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 113
TABLE 72 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 114
7.2.1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES 114
7.2.1.1 Rising prevalence of infectious diseases to drive market 114
TABLE 73 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 115
TABLE 74 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 115
TABLE 75 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 115
TABLE 76 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 116
7.2.2 TRANSPLANTS 116
7.2.2.1 Growing incidence of infections caused during transplant procedures to drive demand 116
FIGURE 33 PATIENTS ON WAITING LIST FOR ORGAN TRANSPLANTS, 2023 117
FIGURE 34 NUMBER OF TRANSPLANTS PERFORMED IN 2023 117
TABLE 77 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR TRANSPLANTS, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 118
TABLE 78 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR TRANSPLANTS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 118
TABLE 79 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR TRANSPLANTS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 118
TABLE 80 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR TRANSPLANTS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 119
7.3 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 119
TABLE 81 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, BY TYPE, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 119
TABLE 82 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 120
TABLE 83 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 120
TABLE 84 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 120
TABLE 85 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 121
7.3.1 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 121
7.3.1.1 Largest and fastest-growing segment of market 121
TABLE 86 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 122
TABLE 87 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 122
TABLE 88 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 122
TABLE 89 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 123
7.3.2 CLINICAL TRIALS 123
7.3.2.1 Growing number of clinical trials to drive demand 123
FIGURE 35 NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS, BY REGION, 2010–2021 123
FIGURE 36 NUMBER OF REGISTERED CLINICAL STUDIES, 2023 124
TABLE 90 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR CLINICAL TRIALS, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 124
TABLE 91 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR CLINICAL TRIALS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 124
TABLE 92 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR CLINICAL TRIALS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 125
TABLE 93 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR CLINICAL TRIALS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 125
7.3.3 CANCER RESEARCH 125
7.3.3.1 Rising prevalence of cancer to support market growth 125
TABLE 94 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR CANCER RESEARCH, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 95 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR CANCER RESEARCH, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 127
TABLE 96 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR CANCER RESEARCH, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 127
TABLE 97 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR CANCER RESEARCH, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 127
8 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER 128
8.1 INTRODUCTION 129
TABLE 98 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 129
8.2 HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL LABORATORIES 129
8.2.1 IMPROVING HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO DRIVE MARKET 129
TABLE 99 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL LABORATORIES, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 130
TABLE 100 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL LABORATORIES, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 130
TABLE 101 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL LABORATORIES, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 131
TABLE 102 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL LABORATORIES, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 131
8.3 RESEARCH INSTITUTES 131
8.3.1 FASTEST-GROWING END USER OF ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS 131
TABLE 103 GRANTS, BY CANCER TYPE, 2023 132
TABLE 104 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 133
TABLE 105 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 133
TABLE 106 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 133
TABLE 107 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 134
8.4 BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES AND CONTRACT RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS 134
8.4.1 GROWTH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY TO PROPEL GROWTH 134
TABLE 108 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES AND CROS, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 109 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES AND CROS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 110 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES AND CROS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 111 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET FOR BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES AND CROS, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 136
9 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY REGION 137
9.1 INTRODUCTION 138
TABLE 112 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 138
9.2 NORTH AMERICA 138
FIGURE 37 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET SNAPSHOT 139
TABLE 113 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 139
TABLE 114 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 140
TABLE 115 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 140
TABLE 116 NORTH AMERICA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 140
9.2.1 NORTH AMERICA: RECESSION IMPACT 141
9.2.2 US 141
9.2.2.1 Rising prevalence of chronic diseases to drive market 141
TABLE 117 US: KEY MACROINDICATORS 142
TABLE 118 US: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 119 US: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 120 US: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 143
9.2.3 CANADA 143
9.2.3.1 Rising healthcare expenditure to drive adoption of ELISpot and FluoroSpot assays 143
TABLE 121 CANADA: KEY MACROINDICATORS 144
TABLE 122 CANADA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 144
TABLE 123 CANADA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 124 CANADA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 145
9.3 EUROPE 145
TABLE 125 EUROPE: HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE, BY COUNTRY 146
9.3.1 EUROPE: RECESSION IMPACT 146
TABLE 126 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 147
TABLE 127 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 147
TABLE 128 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 147
TABLE 129 EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 148
9.3.2 GERMANY 148
9.3.2.1 Fastest-growing country in European ELISpot and FluoroSpot assays market 148
TABLE 130 GERMANY: KEY MACROINDICATORS 149
TABLE 131 GERMANY: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 149
TABLE 132 GERMANY: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 149
TABLE 133 GERMANY: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 150
9.3.3 UK 150
9.3.3.1 Rising prevalence of NCDs to drive market 150
TABLE 134 UK: KEY MACROINDICATORS 151
TABLE 135 UK: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 136 UK: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 137 UK: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 152
9.3.4 FRANCE 152
9.3.4.1 Need for early disease diagnosis to support market growth 152
TABLE 138 FRANCE: KEY MACROINDICATORS 153
TABLE 139 FRANCE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 153
TABLE 140 FRANCE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 153
TABLE 141 FRANCE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 154
9.3.5 ITALY 154
9.3.5.1 Increasing incidence of cancer to propel market 154
TABLE 142 ITALY: KEY MACROINDICATORS 155
TABLE 143 ITALY: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 144 ITALY: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 145 ITALY: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 156
9.3.6 SPAIN 156
9.3.6.1 High incidence of chronic diseases to drive market 156
TABLE 146 SPAIN: KEY MACROINDICATORS 157
TABLE 147 SPAIN: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 157
TABLE 148 SPAIN: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 157
TABLE 149 SPAIN: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 158
9.3.7 REST OF EUROPE 158
TABLE 150 REST OF EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 159
TABLE 151 REST OF EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 159
TABLE 152 REST OF EUROPE: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 160
9.4 ASIA PACIFIC 160
9.4.1 ASIA PACIFIC: RECESSION IMPACT 160
FIGURE 38 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET SNAPSHOT 161
TABLE 153 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 161
TABLE 154 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 162
TABLE 155 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 162
TABLE 156 ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 162
9.4.2 CHINA 163
9.4.2.1 Rising focus on vaccine development and cancer research to drive market 163
TABLE 157 CHINA: KEY MACROINDICATORS 164
TABLE 158 CHINA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 159 CHINA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 160 CHINA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 165
9.4.3 JAPAN 165
9.4.3.1 Increased focus on vaccine research to support market growth 165
TABLE 161 JAPAN: KEY MACROINDICATORS 166
TABLE 162 JAPAN: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 166
TABLE 163 JAPAN: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 166
TABLE 164 JAPAN: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 167
9.4.4 INDIA 167
9.4.4.1 Increasing focus on cancer research and therapy to drive market 167
TABLE 165 INDIA: KEY MACROINDICATORS 168
TABLE 166 INDIA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 168
TABLE 167 INDIA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 168
TABLE 168 INDIA: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 169
9.4.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 169
TABLE 169 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 170
TABLE 170 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 170
TABLE 171 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 170
9.5 REST OF THE WORLD 171
TABLE 172 REST OF THE WORLD: POPULATION AGED 65 AND ABOVE, 2022 171
9.5.1 REST OF THE WORLD: RECESSION IMPACT 172
TABLE 173 REST OF THE WORLD: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 172
TABLE 174 REST OF THE WORLD: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 172
TABLE 175 REST OF THE WORLD: ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET, BY END USER, 2020–2028 (USD MILLION) 173
10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 174
10.1 OVERVIEW 174
10.2 STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY PLAYERS 174
TABLE 176 OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY PLAYERS IN ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET 174
10.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS 175
TABLE 177 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET: DEGREE OF COMPETITION 175
10.4 REVENUE SHARE ANALYSIS 176
FIGURE 39 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF KEY PUBLIC PLAYERS IN ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET 176
FIGURE 40 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS: MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS, 2022 176
10.5 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX 178
10.5.1 STARS 178
10.5.2 EMERGING LEADERS 178
10.5.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 178
10.5.4 PARTICIPANTS 178
FIGURE 41 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022 179
10.6 SME/STARTUP EVALUATION MATRIX 180
10.6.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 180
10.6.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 180
10.6.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 180
10.6.4 STARTING BLOCKS 180
FIGURE 42 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET: SME/STARTUP EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022 181
10.7 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 182
TABLE 178 ELISPOT AND FLUOROSPOT ASSAYS MARKET: DETAILED LIST OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES 182
10.8 COMPANY FOOTPRINT 182
TABLE 179 COMPANY FOOTPRINT 182
TABLE 180 PRODUCT FOOTPRINT 183
TABLE 181 REGIONAL FOOTPRINT 184
10.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 186
10.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 186
TABLE 182 KEY PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2020–OCTOBER 2023 186
10.9.2 DEALS 186
TABLE 183 KEY DEALS, JANUARY 2020–OCTOBER 2023 186
10.9.3 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS 187
TABLE 184 OTHER KEY DEVELOPMENTS, JANUARY 2020–OCTOBER 2023 187
11 COMPANY PROFILES 188
(Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, MnM View Right to win, Strategic choices made, Weaknesses and competitive threats) *
11.1 KEY PLAYERS 188
11.1.1 OXFORD IMMUNOTEC USA, INC. (SUBSIDIARY OF REVVITY, INC.) 188
TABLE 185 OXFORD IMMUNOTEC USA, INC. (SUBSIDIARY OF REVVITY, INC.): BUSINESS OVERVIEW 188
FIGURE 43 REVVITY, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2023) 189
11.1.2 BECTON, DICKINSON AND COMPANY 192
TABLE 186 BECTON, DICKINSON AND COMPANY: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 192
FIGURE 44 BECTON, DICKINSON AND COMPANY: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 193
11.1.3 BIO-TECHNE 196
TABLE 187 BIO-TECHNE: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 196
FIGURE 45 BIO-TECHNE: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2023) 197
11.1.4 CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY LIMITED 200
TABLE 188 CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY LIMITED: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 200
11.1.5 MABTECH 203
TABLE 189 MABTECH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 203
11.1.6 ABCAM PLC 205
TABLE 190 ABCAM PLC: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 205
FIGURE 46 ABCAM PLC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 206
11.1.7 MERCK KGAA 209
TABLE 191 MERCK KGAA: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 209
FIGURE 47 MERCK KGAA: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 210
11.1.8 AUTOIMMUN DIAGNOSTIKA GMBH 212
TABLE 192 AUTOIMMUN DIAGNOSTIKA GMBH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 212
11.1.9 U-CYTECH 214
TABLE 193 U-CYTECH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 214
11.1.10 MIKROGEN DIAGNOSTIK 216
TABLE 194 MIKROGEN DIAGNOSTIK: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 216
11.1.11 MEDIX BIOCHEMICA 217
TABLE 195 MEDIX BIOCHEMICA: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 217
11.1.12 ABNOVA CORPORATION 219
TABLE 196 ABNOVA CORPORATION: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 219
11.1.13 ANOGEN-YES BIOTECH LABORATORIES LTD. 220
TABLE 197 ANOGEN-YES BIOTECH LABORATORIES LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 220
11.1.14 BIORBYT LTD. 221
TABLE 198 BIORBYT LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 221
11.1.15 BIOSYS SCIENTIFIC DEVICES GMBH 223
TABLE 199 BIOSYS SCIENTIFIC DEVICES GMBH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 223
11.2 OTHER PLAYERS 224
11.2.1 JACKSON IMMUNORESEARCH INC. 224
TABLE 200 JACKSON IMMUNORESEARCH INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 224
11.2.2 IST SCIENTIFIC 225
TABLE 201 IST SCIENTIFIC: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 225
11.2.3 SERVA ELECTROPHORESIS GMBH 226
TABLE 202 SERVA ELECTROPHORESIS GMBH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 226
11.2.4 ACROBIOSYSTEMS 227
TABLE 203 ACROBIOSYSTEMS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 227
11.2.5 NATIONAL ANALYTICAL CORPORATION 228
TABLE 204 NATIONAL ANALYTICAL CORPORATION: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 228
11.2.6 STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES 229
TABLE 205 STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 229
11.2.7 ZENBIO, INC. 230
TABLE 206 ZENBIO, INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 230
11.2.8 BOC SCIENCES 231
TABLE 207 BOC SCIENCES: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 231
11.2.9 TOKYO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD. 232
TABLE 208 TOKYO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 232
11.2.10 MP BIOMEDICALS 233
TABLE 209 MP BIOMEDICALS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 233
*Details on Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, MnM View, Right to win, Strategic choices made, Weaknesses and competitive threats might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
12 APPENDIX 234
12.1 INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS 234
12.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 235
12.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 239
12.4 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 241
12.5 RELATED REPORTS 241
12.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 242
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