1 INTRODUCTION 31
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 31
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 31
1.2.1 TYPE DEFINITION 32
1.2.2 MATERIAL DEFINITION 32
1.2.3 APPLICATION DEFINITION 33
1.2.4 END-USER DEFINITION 33
1.2.5 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 34
1.3 MARKET SEGMENTATION 35
1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED 35
FIGURE 1 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET 35
1.3.2 YEARS CONSIDERED 36
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 36
TABLE 1 STANDARD CURRENCY CONVERSION RATES 36
1.5 STAKEHOLDERS 37
1.6 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 37
1.7 RECESSION IMPACT 38
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 39
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 39
FIGURE 2 RESEARCH DESIGN 39
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 39
2.1.1.1 Key data from secondary sources 41
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 41
FIGURE 3 PRIMARY SOURCES 41
2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources 42
2.1.2.2 Key industry insights 43
FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS: SUPPLY/DEMAND-SIDE PARTICIPANTS 43
FIGURE 5 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS: SUPPLY-SIDE PARTICIPANTS, BY COMPANY TYPE, DESIGNATION, AND REGION 44
FIGURE 6 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS (DEMAND SIDE): BY END USER, DESIGNATION, AND REGION 44
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 45
FIGURE 7 REVENUE SHARE ANALYSIS ILLUSTRATION: ALCON, INC. 46
FIGURE 8 SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS OF TOP COMPANIES (2022) 46
FIGURE 9 DEMAND-SIDE MARKET ESTIMATION FOR INTRAOCULAR LENSES 48
FIGURE 10 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: CAGR PROJECTIONS OF DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES (2023–2029) 49
FIGURE 11 CAGR PROJECTIONS: SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 49
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50
FIGURE 12 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023 VS. 2029 (USD MILLION) 50
FIGURE 13 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2023 VS. 2029 (USD MILLION) 51
FIGURE 14 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2023 VS. 2029 (USD MILLION) 51
FIGURE 15 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2023 VS. 2029 (USD MILLION) 52
FIGURE 16 GEOGRAPHIC SNAPSHOT OF INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET 53
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 54
4.1 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET OVERVIEW 54
FIGURE 17 RISING INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND SUBSEQUENT RISE IN CATARACT SURGERIES TO DRIVE MARKET GROWTH 54
4.2 ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER 55
FIGURE 18 HOSPITALS SEGMENT ACCOUNTED FOR LARGEST MARKET SHARE IN 2022 55
4.3 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: GEOGRAPHIC GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES 56
FIGURE 19 CHINA TO REGISTER HIGHEST CAGR DURING FORECAST PERIOD 56
4.4 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: REGIONAL MIX 56
FIGURE 20 NORTH AMERICA ACCOUNTED FOR LARGEST MARKET SHARE IN 2022 56
4.5 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES VS. EMERGING ECONOMIES 57
FIGURE 21 EMERGING ECONOMIES TO REGISTER HIGHER GROWTH RATES DURING FORECAST PERIOD 57
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 58
5.1 INTRODUCTION 58
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 58
FIGURE 22 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES 58
5.2.1 DRIVERS 59
5.2.1.1 Increasing geriatric population and subsequent rise in ophthalmic disorders 59
FIGURE 23 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POPULATION AGED 65 & ABOVE 59
FIGURE 24 REGIONS WITH PEOPLE AGED 65 & ABOVE (50 MILLION & ABOVE) 59
5.2.1.2 Rising number of cataract surgeries 60
FIGURE 25 GLOBAL DISTANCE VISION IMPAIRMENT STATISTICS (2023) 61
5.2.1.3 Growing technological advancements in IOLS 61
5.2.2 RESTRAINS 62
5.2.2.1 Rising cost of intraocular lenses 62
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 62
5.2.3.1 High growth potential of emerging economies 62
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 63
5.2.4.1 Shortage of skilled ophthalmologists 63
5.3 TRADE ANALYSIS 63
TABLE 2 TOP EXPORTERS OF LENSES (APART FROM CAMERAS, PROJECTORS, OR PHOTOGRAPHIC ENLARGERS/REDUCERS), 2022 64
5.4 TARIFF AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 65
5.4.1 TARIFF FOR INTRAOCULAR LENSES 65
5.4.2 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 65
5.4.3 NORTH AMERICA 65
5.4.4 EUROPE 66
5.4.5 ASIA PACIFIC 66
TABLE 3 NORTH AMERICA: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 67
TABLE 4 EUROPE: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 67
TABLE 5 ASIA PACIFIC: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 68
TABLE 6 LATIN AMERICA: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 68
5.5 ECOSYSTEM MARKET/MAP 68
FIGURE 26 ECOSYSTEM MARKET/MAP 69
5.6 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 69
FIGURE 27 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 70
5.7 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 70
FIGURE 28 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 71
5.8 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 71
5.8.1 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN MATERIALS, DESIGNS, AND MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES 71
5.8.2 AI INTEGRATION IN INTRAOCULAR LENSES 72
5.9 PORTER’S FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS 73
TABLE 7 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 73
5.9.1 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 73
5.9.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 73
5.9.3 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 73
5.9.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 74
5.9.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 74
5.10 PATENT ANALYSIS 74
5.10.1 PATENT PUBLICATION TRENDS FOR INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET 74
FIGURE 29 PATENT PUBLICATION TRENDS (JANUARY 2011–NOVEMBER 2023) 74
FIGURE 30 TOP APPLICANTS (COMPANIES/INSTITUTES) FOR INTRAOCULAR LENS PATENTS (JANUARY 2011–NOVEMBER 2023) 75
FIGURE 31 TOP APPLICANT COUNTRIES/REGIONS FOR INTRAOCULAR LENS PATENTS (JANUARY 2011– NOVEMBER 2023) 76
5.11 TRADE ANALYSIS 76
TABLE 8 INTRAOCULAR LENS EXPORT DATA, BY COUNTRY (2023) 76
TABLE 9 INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPORT DATA, BY COUNTRY (2022) 77
5.12 KEY CONFERENCES & EVENTS 77
TABLE 10 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: DETAILED LIST OF CONFERENCES & EVENTS (2023−2024) 77
5.13 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 78
5.13.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 78
FIGURE 32 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS FOR TOP 3 APPLICATIONS 78
TABLE 11 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS FOR TOP 3 APPLICATIONS 78
5.13.2 BUYING CRITERIA 79
FIGURE 33 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR TOP 3 APPLICATIONS 79
TABLE 12 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR TOP 3 APPLICATIONS 79
5.14 PRICING ANALYSIS 80
TABLE 13 PRICING ANALYSIS OF INTRAOCULAR LENSES 80
5.14.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION 80
TABLE 14 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION (2022) 80
5.15 REIMBURSEMENT SCENARIO IN INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET 80
5.16 UNMET NEEDS IN INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET 81
TABLE 15 UNMET NEEDS IN INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET 81
5.16.1 END-USER EXPECTATIONS IN INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET 82
TABLE 16 END-USER EXPECTATIONS IN INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET 82
6 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL 83
6.1 INTRODUCTION 84
TABLE 17 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 84
6.2 HYDROPHOBIC ACRYLIC IOL 84
6.2.1 INCREASED BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND HEIGHTENED STABILITY TO DRIVE MARKET 84
TABLE 18 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR HYDROPHOBIC ACRYLIC IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 85
6.3 HYDROPHILIC ACRYLIC IOL 85
6.3.1 GLARE REDUCTION AND INCREASED COMPRESSIBILITY TO PROPEL MARKET 85
TABLE 19 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR HYDROPHILIC ACRYLIC IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 86
6.4 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE 87
6.4.1 LOW MATERIAL COST AND ADVANCED DURABILITY TO BOOST DEMAND 87
TABLE 20 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 88
6.5 SILICONE IOL 88
6.5.1 LOW AWARENESS AND LIMITED FOLDABILITY TO RESTRAIN MARKET 88
TABLE 21 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR SILICONE IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 89
6.6 OTHER MATERIALS 90
TABLE 22 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR OTHER MATERIALS, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 90
7 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION 91
7.1 INTRODUCTION 92
TABLE 23 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 92
7.2 CATARACT SURGERIES 92
7.2.1 RISING GROWTH IN GERIATRIC POPULATION TO DRIVE MARKET 92
TABLE 24 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR CATARACT SURGERIES, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 94
7.3 PRESBYOPIA 95
7.3.1 GROWING AWARENESS OF TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED IOLS TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH 95
TABLE 25 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PRESBYOPIA, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 95
7.4 CORNEAL DISORDERS 96
7.4.1 GROWING PREFERENCE FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERIES TO BOOST DEMAND 96
TABLE 26 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR CORNEAL DISORDERS, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 97
7.5 OTHER APPLICATIONS 98
TABLE 27 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 98
8 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL 99
8.1 INTRODUCTION 100
TABLE 28 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 100
8.2 MONOFOCAL IOL 100
TABLE 29 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 101
TABLE 30 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 102
TABLE 31 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET VOLUME FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (UNITS) 103
8.2.1 ASPHERIC MONOFOCAL IOL 103
8.2.1.1 Increased visual quality and performance to propel market 103
TABLE 32 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR ASPHERIC MONOFOCAL IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 104
8.2.2 SPHERIC MONOFOCAL IOL 105
8.2.2.1 Cost-effectiveness to drive market 105
TABLE 33 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR SPHERIC MONOFOCAL IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 105
8.3 PREMIUM IOL 106
TABLE 34 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 107
TABLE 35 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET VOLUME FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (UNITS) 108
8.3.1 MULTIFOCAL IOL 109
8.3.1.1 Enhanced visual acuity to support market growth 109
TABLE 36 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MULTIFOCAL IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 109
8.3.2 EXTENDED DEPTH OF FOCUS (EDOF) IOL 110
8.3.2.1 Broader range of clear vision compared to monofocal IOL to drive market 110
TABLE 37 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR EDOF IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 110
8.3.3 ACCOMMODATING IOL 111
8.3.3.1 High utilization in cataract correction to drive market 111
TABLE 38 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR ACCOMMODATING IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 111
8.4 PHAKIC IOL 112
8.4.1 LIMITED AWARENESS AND COST CONCERNS TO RESTRAIN MARKET 112
TABLE 39 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PHAKIC IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 112
TABLE 40 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET VOLUME FOR PHAKIC IOL, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (UNITS) 113
8.5 OTHER IOLS 114
TABLE 41 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR OTHER IOLS, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 114
TABLE 42 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET VOLUME FOR OTHER IOLS, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (UNITS) 115
9 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER 116
9.1 INTRODUCTION 117
TABLE 43 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 117
9.2 HOSPITALS 117
9.2.1 HIGH PURCHASING POWER FOR ADVANCED EQUIPMENT TO PROPEL MARKET 117
TABLE 44 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR HOSPITALS, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 118
9.3 OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS 118
9.3.1 REDUCED WAITING TIME & MINIMAL COST OF DIAGNOSTIC & SURGICAL PROCEDURES TO PROPEL MARKET 118
TABLE 45 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR CLINICS, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 119
9.4 EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTES 120
9.4.1 INCREASING R&D ON IOL TECHNOLOGIES TO DRIVE MARKET 120
TABLE 46 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 120
9.5 OTHER END USERS 121
TABLE 47 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR OTHER END USERS, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 121
10 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY REGION 122
10.1 INTRODUCTION 123
FIGURE 34 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET REGIONAL SNAPSHOT 123
TABLE 48 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 124
10.2 NORTH AMERICA 124
10.2.1 NORTH AMERICA: RECESSION IMPACT 124
FIGURE 35 NORTH AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET SNAPSHOT 125
TABLE 49 NORTH AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 125
TABLE 50 NORTH AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 51 NORTH AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 52 NORTH AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 53 NORTH AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 127
TABLE 54 NORTH AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 127
TABLE 55 NORTH AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 128
10.2.2 US 128
10.2.2.1 Favorable reimbursement policies to drive market 128
TABLE 56 US: KEY MACROINDICATORS 129
TABLE 57 US: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 129
TABLE 58 US: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 129
TABLE 59 US: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 130
TABLE 60 US: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 130
TABLE 61 US: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 130
TABLE 62 US: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 131
10.2.3 CANADA 131
10.2.3.1 Large target population to drive market 131
TABLE 63 CANADA: KEY MACROINDICATORS 131
TABLE 64 CANADA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 132
TABLE 65 CANADA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 132
TABLE 66 CANADA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 132
TABLE 67 CANADA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 133
TABLE 68 CANADA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 133
TABLE 69 CANADA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 133
10.3 EUROPE 134
10.3.1 EUROPE: RECESSION IMPACT 134
TABLE 70 EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 134
TABLE 71 EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 134
TABLE 72 EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 73 EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 74 EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 75 EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 76 EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 136
10.3.2 GERMANY 136
10.3.2.1 Increasing public healthcare expenditure to drive market 136
TABLE 77 GERMANY: KEY MACROINDICATORS 137
TABLE 78 GERMANY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 137
TABLE 79 GERMANY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 137
TABLE 80 GERMANY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 138
TABLE 81 GERMANY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 138
TABLE 82 GERMANY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 138
TABLE 83 GERMANY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 139
10.3.3 FRANCE 139
10.3.3.1 Government initiatives for visual care awareness to support market growth 139
TABLE 84 FRANCE: KEY MACROINDICATORS 140
TABLE 85 FRANCE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 141
TABLE 86 FRANCE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 141
TABLE 87 FRANCE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 141
TABLE 88 FRANCE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 89 FRANCE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 90 FRANCE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 142
10.3.4 UK 143
10.3.4.1 Growing healthcare expenditure to drive market 143
TABLE 91 UK: KEY MACROINDICATORS 143
TABLE 92 UK: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 143
TABLE 93 UK: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 144
TABLE 94 UK: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 144
TABLE 95 UK: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 144
TABLE 96 UK: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 97 UK: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 145
10.3.5 ITALY 145
10.3.5.1 Favorable R&D initiatives for eye care to support market growth 145
TABLE 98 ITALY: KEY MACROINDICATORS 146
TABLE 99 ITALY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 146
TABLE 100 ITALY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 146
TABLE 101 ITALY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 147
TABLE 102 ITALY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 147
TABLE 103 ITALY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 147
TABLE 104 ITALY: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END-USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 148
10.3.6 SPAIN 148
10.3.6.1 Increasing healthcare spending to drive market growth in Spain 148
TABLE 105 SPAIN: KEY MACROINDICATORS 148
TABLE 106 SPAIN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 148
TABLE 107 SPAIN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 149
TABLE 108 SPAIN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 149
TABLE 109 SPAIN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 149
TABLE 110 SPAIN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 150
TABLE 111 SPAIN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 150
10.3.7 REST OF EUROPE 150
TABLE 112 REST OF EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 113 REST OF EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 114 REST OF EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 115 REST OF EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 152
TABLE 116 REST OF EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 152
TABLE 117 REST OF EUROPE: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 153
10.4 ASIA PACIFIC 153
10.4.1 ASIA PACIFIC: RECESSION IMPACT 153
FIGURE 36 ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET SNAPSHOT 154
TABLE 118 ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 119 ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 120 ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 121 ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 156
TABLE 122 ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 156
TABLE 123 ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 156
TABLE 124 ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 157
10.4.2 JAPAN 157
10.4.2.1 Rising geriatric population to boost demand 157
TABLE 125 JAPAN: KEY MACROINDICATORS 157
TABLE 126 JAPAN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 158
TABLE 127 JAPAN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 158
TABLE 128 JAPAN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 158
TABLE 129 JAPAN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 159
TABLE 130 JAPAN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 159
TABLE 131 JAPAN: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 159
10.4.3 CHINA 160
10.4.3.1 Improved healthcare infrastructure to support market growth 160
TABLE 132 CHINA: KEY MACROINDICATORS 160
TABLE 133 CHINA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 161
TABLE 134 CHINA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 161
TABLE 135 CHINA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 161
TABLE 136 CHINA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 162
TABLE 137 CHINA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 162
TABLE 138 CHINA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 162
10.4.4 INDIA 163
10.4.4.1 Rising number of cataract surgeries to drive market 163
TABLE 139 INDIA: KEY MACROINDICATORS 163
TABLE 140 INDIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 163
TABLE 141 INDIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 142 INDIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 143 INDIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 144 INDIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 165
TABLE 145 INDIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 165
10.4.5 AUSTRALIA 165
10.4.5.1 High focus on R&D for advanced IOLs to drive market 165
TABLE 146 AUSTRALIA: KEY MACROINDICATORS 166
TABLE 147 AUSTRALIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 166
TABLE 148 AUSTRALIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 166
TABLE 149 AUSTRALIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 167
TABLE 150 AUSTRALIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 167
TABLE 151 AUSTRALIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 167
TABLE 152 AUSTRALIA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 168
10.4.6 SOUTH KOREA 168
10.4.6.1 Rising adoption of technologically advanced IOLS to boost demand 168
TABLE 153 SOUTH KOREA: KEY MACROINDICATORS 168
TABLE 154 SOUTH KOREA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 169
TABLE 155 SOUTH KOREA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 169
TABLE 156 SOUTH KOREA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 169
TABLE 157 SOUTH KOREA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 170
TABLE 158 SOUTH KOREA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 170
TABLE 159 SOUTH KOREA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 170
10.4.7 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 171
TABLE 160 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 171
TABLE 161 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 171
TABLE 162 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 172
TABLE 163 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 172
TABLE 164 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 172
TABLE 165 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 173
10.5 LATIN AMERICA 173
10.5.1 LATIN AMERICA: RECESSION IMPACT 173
TABLE 166 LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 173
TABLE 167 LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 174
TABLE 168 LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 174
TABLE 169 LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 174
TABLE 170 LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 175
TABLE 171 LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 175
TABLE 172 LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 176
10.5.2 BRAZIL 176
10.5.2.1 Government initiatives for healthcare infrastructure to boost market 176
TABLE 173 BRAZIL: KEY MACROINDICATORS 176
TABLE 174 BRAZIL: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 177
TABLE 175 BRAZIL: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 177
TABLE 176 BRAZIL: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 177
TABLE 177 BRAZIL: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 178
TABLE 178 BRAZIL: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 178
TABLE 179 BRAZIL: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 178
10.5.3 MEXICO 179
10.5.3.1 Rising incidence of chronic diseases to support market growth 179
TABLE 180 MEXICO: KEY MACROINDICATORS 179
TABLE 181 MEXICO: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 179
TABLE 182 MEXICO: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 180
TABLE 183 MEXICO: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 180
TABLE 184 MEXICO: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 180
TABLE 185 MEXICO: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 181
TABLE 186 MEXICO: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 181
10.5.4 REST OF LATIN AMERICA 181
TABLE 187 REST OF LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 182
TABLE 188 REST OF LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 182
TABLE 189 REST OF LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 182
TABLE 190 REST OF LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 183
TABLE 191 REST OF LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 183
TABLE 192 REST OF LATIN AMERICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 184
10.5.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 184
10.5.5.1 Government-funded initiatives for cataract treatment to drive market 184
10.5.5.2 Middle East & Africa: Recession impact 185
TABLE 193 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 185
TABLE 194 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR MONOFOCAL IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 185
TABLE 195 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET FOR PREMIUM IOL, BY TYPE, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 186
TABLE 196 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET MARKET, BY MATERIAL, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 186
TABLE 197 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 187
TABLE 198 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2029 (USD MILLION) 187
11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 188
11.1 INTRODUCTION 188
11.2 KEY STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN 188
FIGURE 37 STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY PLAYERS 189
11.3 REVENUE SHARE ANALYSIS 189
FIGURE 38 REVENUE SHARE ANALYSIS (2022−2022) 190
11.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS 190
FIGURE 39 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS (2022) 191
11.5 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 191
FIGURE 40 INTRAOCULAR LENSES: TOP TRENDING BRANDS/PRODUCTS 191
11.5.1 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 192
FIGURE 41 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF KEY BRANDS OF INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET 192
11.6 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX 192
11.6.1 STARS 193
11.6.2 EMERGING LEADERS 193
11.6.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 193
11.6.4 PARTICIPANTS 193
FIGURE 42 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX (2022) 194
11.6.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT 195
TABLE 199 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: TYPE FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS 195
TABLE 200 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: MATERIAL FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS 196
TABLE 201 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: APPLICATION FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS 197
TABLE 202 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: END-USER FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS 198
TABLE 203 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: REGIONAL FOOTPRINT 199
11.7 STARTUP/SME EVALUATION MATRIX 200
11.7.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 200
11.7.2 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 200
11.7.3 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 201
11.7.4 STARTING BLOCKS 201
FIGURE 43 STARTUP/SME EVALUATION MATRIX (2022) 201
11.7.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 202
TABLE 204 DETAILED LIST OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES 202
11.8 COMPETITIVE SCENARIOS AND TRENDS 203
TABLE 205 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: KEY DEALS (2020−2023) 203
TABLE 206 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: KEY PRODUCT LAUNCHES (2020−2023) 203
TABLE 207 INTRAOCULAR LENS MARKET: OTHER KEY DEVELOPMENTS (2020−2023) 204
12 COMPANY PROFILES 205
12.1 KEY PLAYERS 205
(Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, and MnM View (Key strengths/Right to Win, Strategic Choices Made, and Weaknesses and Competitive Threats))*
12.1.1 ALCON, INC. 205
TABLE 208 ALCON INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 205
FIGURE 44 ALCON, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 206
12.1.2 JOHNSON & JOHNSON VISION CARE, INC. 209
TABLE 209 JOHNSON & JOHNSON VISION CARE, INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 209
FIGURE 45 JOHNSON & JOHNSON VISION CARE, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 210
12.1.3 BAUSCH + LOMB 212
TABLE 210 BAUSCH + LOMB: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 212
FIGURE 46 BAUSCH & LOMB: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 213
12.1.4 CARL ZEISS MEDITEC AG 216
TABLE 211 CARL ZEISS MEDITEC AG: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 216
FIGURE 47 CARL ZEISS MEDITEC AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 217
12.1.5 HOYA SURGICAL OPTICS 219
TABLE 212 HOYA SURGICAL OPTICS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 219
FIGURE 48 HOYA SURGICAL OPTICS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 220
12.1.6 STAAR SURGICAL COMPANY 222
TABLE 213 STAAR SURGICAL COMPANY: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 222
FIGURE 49 STAAR SURGICAL COMPANY: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 222
12.1.7 SANTEN PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD. 224
TABLE 214 SANTEN PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 224
FIGURE 50 SANTEN PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 225
12.1.8 NIDEK CO., LTD. 226
TABLE 215 NIDEK CO., LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 226
12.1.9 LENSTEC, INC. 227
TABLE 216 LENSTEC, INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 227
12.1.10 RAYNER GROUP 228
TABLE 217 RAYNER GROUP: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 228
12.1.11 BVI 229
TABLE 218 BVI: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 229
12.1.12 OPHTEC B.V. 231
TABLE 219 OPHTEC B.V.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 231
12.1.13 SAV-IOL SA 232
TABLE 220 SAV-IOL SA: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 232
12.1.14 APPASAMY ASSOCIATES PRIVATE LIMITED 233
TABLE 221 APPASAMY ASSOCIATES PRIVATE LIMITED: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 233
12.1.15 ATIA VISION, INC. 234
TABLE 222 ATIA VISION, INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 234
12.2 OTHER PLAYERS 235
12.2.1 BIOTECH 235
12.2.2 TELEON SURGICAL BV 236
12.2.3 OMNI LENS PVT. LTD. 236
12.2.4 EYEKON MEDICAL 237
12.2.5 HUMANOPTICS HOLDING AG 237
12.2.6 CARE GROUP 238
12.2.7 SIFI S.P.A. 238
12.2.8 HANITA LENSES LTD. 239
12.2.9 EXCELLENT HI-CARE PVT LTD. 240
12.2.10 ADVIN HEALTH CARE 240
*Details on Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, and MnM View (Key strengths/Right to Win, Strategic Choices Made, and Weaknesses and Competitive Threats) might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
13 APPENDIX 241
13.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE 241
13.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 245
13.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 247
13.4 RELATED REPORTS 247
13.5 AUTHOR DETAILS 248
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